Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. It includes an internal cylinder of 1.4 m in diameter and 4 m in height, and a horizontal separation plate
with vent flow openings. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: HM-1 & HM-2 (used for code benchmark) SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:H2-He material scaling, containment atmosphere mixing; Erosion of stable atmospheric stratification layer by a buoyant plume: based on test HM-2 using H2 Measured Parameters: Pressure, temperature, helium concentration,
aerosol concentration,
velocity profile,
fog mass density Modelling: Turbulence model: k-epsilon, k–omega SST.
Wall functions: without, Reynolds analogy with Colburn correction, Karman analogy, Diffusion layer model. Simulation Code: ASTEC
COCOSYS
MELCOR
FLUENT
GASFLOW
GOTHIC Experimental Research Program: OECD/NEA -THAI project
References: [1] NEA (2010), OECD/NEA THAI Project: Hydrogen and Fission Product Issues Relevant for Containment Safety Assessment under Severe Accident Conditions – Final Report, OECD Publishing, Paris
[2] S. Schwarz, K. Fischer, A. Bentaib, J. Burkhardt, J. J. Lee, J. Duspiva, et al. Benchmark on Hydrogen Distribution in a Containment Based on the OECD-NEA THAI HM-2 Experiment. Nuclear Technology, 175(3), 594–603 (2011). https://doi.org/10.13182/NT11-A12508
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. It includes an internal cylinder of 1.4 m in diameter and 4 m in height, and a horizontal separation plate
with vent flow openings. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: TH test series SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Thermo fluid dynamics, containment atmosphere mixing, Effect of safety systems operation on TH/gas mixing (e.g. spray, PAR) Measured Parameters: Pressure, gas temperature, wall temperature, local gas composition, velocity profile Experimental Research Program: German national THAI projects
References: [1] NEA (2007), International Standard Problem: ISP-47 on Containment Thermal Hydraulics – Final Report (APPENDIX 2), OECD Publishing, Paris
[2] S. Gupta, E. Schmidt, B. von Laufenberg, M. Freitag, G. Poss, F. Funke, & G. Weber. THAI test facility for experimental research on hydrogen and fission product behaviour in light water reactor containments. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 294, 183–201 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.09.013
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. It includes an internal cylinder of 1.4 m in diameter and 4 m in height, and a horizontal separation plate
with vent flow openings. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: TH-12 and TH-13 (used for code benchmark) SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Jet release of steam/hydrogen, Plume release of steam/hydrogen, Entrainment by Jet/Plume, Thermal stratification, Gas stratification, Wall condensation, Natural circulation, Turbulent diffusion, Bulk condensation, Pressurisation Measured Parameters: Gas pressure, gas temperature, gas concentration,
velocity profile, condensation mass flow rates, wall temperature, fog concentration, fog droplet size Modelling: State equation: real gas, or perfect gas
Condensation model: Max of Uchida and Gido Koeste correlation, Surface film model, Chilton-Colburn, Stefan's Law, Homogeneous equilibirum model, Nussel Theory + deterioration factor, among others.
Turbulence model: k-epsilon, Mixing length scale model Simulation Code: ASTEC
COCOSYS
CONTAIN
CFX
FUMO
FUMOL
GASFLOW
GOTHIC
MELCOR
TONUS Experimental Research Program: OECD/NEA International Standard Problem No 47
References: [1] NEA (2007), International Standard Problem: ISP-47 on Containment Thermal Hydraulics – Final Report, OECD Publishing, Paris
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. It includes an internal cylinder of 1.4 m in diameter and 4 m in height, and a horizontal separation plate
with vent flow openings. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: TH-24 (used for code benchmark) SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Dissolution of a steam stratification and steam condensation in a containment building by natural convection Measured Parameters: Pressure, gas temperature, wall temperature, local gas composition, velocity profile Modelling: Turbulence model: SST, SST with full buoyancy model, k–omega model with Uchida condensation model, Abid Low Reynolds k–epsilon, Standard k–epsilon with buoyancy terms, realizable k-epslon.
Wall functions: Low-Reynolds with y+ values
≈1, Wall functions with special
Low-Reynolds, Resolved viscous layer, y+ value <0.5, Standard near-wall wall functions.
Modelling of heat-conducting walls: including thermal radiation model, BCs at vessel wall surface, Vessel ends constant temperature,Inner cylinder conducting thin wall, Temperatures assigned directly to vessel walls Simulation Code: CFX
FLUENT
APROS
MELCOR Experimental Research Program: Commissioning test in THAI+ facility
References: [1] M. Freitag, E. Schmidt, S. Gupta, G. Poss, Simulation benchmark based on THAI-experiment on dissolution of a steam stratification by natural convection, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Volume 299, 2016, Pages 37-45, ISSN 0029-5493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.07.001
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. It includes an internal cylinder of 1.4 m in diameter and 4 m in height, and a horizontal separation plate
with vent flow openings. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: TH-27 (used for code benchmark) SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Gas mixing, steam condensation and stratification behavior of light gases, all under containment typical flow conditions. Measured Parameters: Pressure, gas temperature, wall temperature, local gas composition, velocity profile Modelling: Condensation model: COD model based on the Stefan-flow hypothesis, CDW model based on the Stefan-flow hypothesis and the classical Nusselt’s falling film theory, diffusion layer model, NRG model and Chilton-Colburn analogy. Simulation Code: GOTHIC
ASTEC
COCOSYS
FLUENT
CFX
GASFLOW
MELCOR Experimental Research Program: German national THAI project
References: [1] M. Freitag, I. Kljenak, T. Jankowski, T. Risken, P. Kostka, L. Götz, M. Klauck, S. Schwarz, A. Bleyer, A. Bentaib, M. Povilaitis, N.B. Siccama, P. Royl, A. Mansour, T. Janda, Benchmark exercise TH-27 on natural convection with steam injection and condensation inside the extended THAI facility, Annals of Nuclear Energy, Volume 116, 2018, Pages 90-104,
ISSN 0306-4549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2018.02.027
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. It includes an internal cylinder of 1.4 m in diameter and 4 m in height, and a horizontal separation plate
with vent flow openings. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: TH-32 (used for code benchmark) SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Dissolution of light gas stratification by natural convection (investigation on experimental uncertainties with controlled parameter variatios) Measured Parameters: Pressure, gas temperature, wall temperature, local gas composition, velocity profile
References: [1] M. Freitag, E. Schmidt, B. Schramm, J. Stewering, S. Kelm, T. Janda, M. Kotouč, M. Povilaitis, J. W. Lane, S. D. Winter, T. L. George, J. Hoffrichter, M. Koch, I. Kljenak. Simulation benchmark based on the THAI-experiment on generation and dissolution of a light gas stratification by natural convection. In: 19th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-19), Brussels, Belgium, March 6–11, 2022b.
[2] M. Freitag, E. Schmidt, M. Colombet, B. von Laufenberg, A. Kühnel. Evaluation of Experimental Uncertainties in Tests with Light Gas Stratifications and Their Dissolution by Natural Convection Tests TH-30–32: Technical report, Becker Technologies GmbH (2022).
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologis GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: HD-31 to HD-35 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Hydrogen combustion under spray (Parametric variation in spray water temperature, droplet size and burn direction) Measured Parameters: Pressure, gas temperature, wall temperature, local gas composition, velocity profile Modelling: Turbulence model: SST. Simulation Code: CFX Experimental Research Program: OECD/NEA THAI-2 project
References: [1] S. Gupta, M. Freitag, Z. Liang, F. Funke, G. Langrock, S. Beck, H. Nowack, A. Bentaib, L. Cantrel, J. Ishikawa, S.W. Hong, P. Kostka, J. Glover, C. Linde, M. Kotouč, V. Taivassalo, Main outcomes of OECD/NEA THAI-2 project on hydrogen risk and source term investigations: Data application for code validation and containment safety assessment, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Volume 436, 2025, 113970, ISSN 0029-5493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2025.113970
[2] NEA (2017), Aerosol and Iodine Issues, and Hydrogen Mitigation under Accidental Conditions in Water-cooled Reactors: Thermal-hydraulics, Hydrogen, Aerosols and Iodine (THAI-2) Project – Final Report, OECD Publishing, Paris
[3] S. Gupta, G. Langer, Experimental research on hydrogen deflagration in multi-compartment geometry and application to nuclear reactor conditions, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Volume 343, 2019, Pages 103-137, ISSN 0029-5493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2018.12.012
[4] C. Kaltenbach, E. Laurien, CFD simulation of spray cooling in the model containment THAI, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Volume 328, 2018, Pages 359-371, ISSN 0029-5493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2017.12.030
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologis GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: HD-40 to HD-45 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Hydrogen deflagration with initial natural-convection flow conditions Measured Parameters: Pressure, gas temperature, wall temperature, local gas composition, velocity profile Simulation Code: COCOSYS
GASFLOW
FLUIDYN
FLUENT
GOTHIC
OpenFOAM
P2REMIC
STARCCM+ Experimental Research Program: OECD-NEA THAI-3 project
References: [1] S. Gupta, M. Freitag, E. Schmidt, M. Colombet, B. von Laufenberg, G. Langrock, F. Funke, Progress in understanding fission product remobilization and hydrogen risk in water-cooled reactors: OECD/NEA THAI-3 project, Annals of Nuclear Energy, Volume 220, 2025, 111498, ISSN 0306-4549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2025.111498
[2] NEA (2023), OECD/NEA THAI-3 Project Final Report on Fission Product Behaviour, Hydrogen Mitigation, and Hydrogen Combustion in Water Cooled Reactors under Severe Accident Conditions, OECD Publishing, Paris
[3] M. Freitag, M. Sonnenkalb, Comparison Report for Blind and Open Simulations of HD-44 Hydrogen
combustion and flame propagation in two-compartment system with initial convective flow, OECD-NEA
THAI-3 Project, Report No. 150 1516 – CR – HD-44, September 2019.
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologis GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: ISP-49 (THAI tests HD-2R and HD-12) SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Upward flame propagation in gas mixture with H2 Measured Parameters: Pressure, gas temperature, wall temperature, local gas composition, velocity profile Modelling: Turbulence model: k-epsilon, SST, SAS, SAS SST.
Combustion model: BVM, BVM with Zimont correlation, BVM with sub-grid extension, BVM with Peters correlation, EDM Borghi, KYLCOM, EBU Arrhenius.
Radiative heat transfer: Discrete transfer model, discrete ordinate 8 rays, 6-flux, P1 model. Simulation Code: ASTEC
CFX
MELCOR
FLACS
COM3D
FLUENT Experimental Research Program: OECD/NEA International Standard Problem No 49
References: [1] NEA (2012), ISP-49 on Hydrogen Combustion, OECD Publishing, Paris
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologis GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: HR test series SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:HR test series, validation and further development of PAR specific models / empirical correlations, effect of late-phase conditions (O2-lean, CO) PAR ignition models, code validation and application to reactor situations Measured Parameters: Pressure, gas temperature, wall temperature, local gas composition, velocity profile Modelling: PAR operation: AMHYCO correlation to predict the recombination rates for combustible gases. And different empirical correlations provided by PAR manufacturers. Simulation Code: CFX/REKO-DIREKT
FLUENT
GOTHIC
GASFLOW-MPI
PARUPM Experimental Research Program: OECD/NEA THAI, THAI-2, THAI-3, and THEMIS projects, THAI National project (phase VI)
References: [1] M. Freitag, B. von Laufenberg, M. Colombet, & M. Klauck. Measurements of the impact of carbon monoxide on the performance of passive autocatalytic recombiners at containment-typical conditions in the THAI facility. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 141, 107356 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2020.107356
[2] S. Gupta, M. Freitag, E. Schmidt, M. Colombet, B. von Laufenberg, G. Langrock, & F. Funke. Progress in understanding fission product remobilization and hydrogen risk in water-cooled reactors: OECD/NEA THAI-3 project. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 220, 111498 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2025.111498
[3] M. Braun, E.-A. Reinecke. AMHYCO engineering correlation to describe the conversion of flammable gases in Framatome passive autocatalytic recombiners. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 442, 114206 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2025.114206
[4] A. Domínguez-Bugarín, E.-A. Reinecke, G. Jiménez, M.-Á. Jiménez, & S. Gupta. Validation process against late phase conditions of the passive autocatalytic recombiner simulation code PARUPM as a standalone tool using experimental data from REKO-3 and THAI facilities. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 431, 113722 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2024.113722
[5] A. Domínguez-Bugarín, C. Vázquez-Rodríguez, L. Serra, S. Kelm, E.-A. Reinecke, G. Jiménez, M.-Á. Jiménez, & S. Gupta. Validation of the PARUPM and GOTHIC 8.3 code coupling using THAI hydrogen recombination tests. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 226, 111855 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2025.111855
[6] F. Wang, M. Zhao, Z. Zou, J. Deng, H. Zhang, M. Zhang, & H. Qin. Code validation and application of hydrogen mitigation by passive autocatalytic recombiner in small modular reactor. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 396, 111882 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2022.111882
[7] R. K. Raman, R. S. Rao, K. N. Iyer, & S. Gupta. Development of point model for recombiner and its validation with tests conducted in THAI facility using CFD. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 439, 114100 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2025.114100
[8] E.-A. Reinecke, S. Kelm, P. M. Steffen, M. Klauck, & H.-J. Allelein. Validation and Application of the REKO-DIREKT Code for the Simulation of Passive Autocatalytic Recombiner Operational Behavior. Nuclear Technology, 196(2), 355–366 (2016). https://doi.org/10.13182/NT16-7
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologis GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: HR-35 (used for code benchmark) SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:PAR performance in gas atmsophere containment low O2 concentration Measured Parameters: Pressure, temperature, hydrogen and oxygen concentration, velocity profile Modelling: PAR operation: Engineering correlations (Framatome, AREVA) and a model with detailed heat and mass transfer process (REKO-DIREKT). Simulation Code: GOTHIC
MELCOR
COCOSYS
GASFLOW
CFX Experimental Research Program: OECD/NEA THAI-2 project
References: [1] M. Freitag, E. W. Schmidt, M. Sonnenkalb, S. Kelm, M. Kotouč, Z. Liang, P. Royl, & S. Benz. CFD and LP code benchmark evaluating the onset of PAR operation in case of extremely low oxygen concentration. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 400, 112056 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2022.112056
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologis GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: HR-46 to HR-50 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:PAR operation under counter-current flow conditions Measured Parameters: Pressure, gas temperature, wall temperature, local gas composition, velocity profile Modelling: PAR operation Simulation Code: COCOSYS
FLUENT
GOTHIC
MELCOR
OpenFOAM Experimental Research Program: OECD/NEA THAI-3 project
References: [1] S. Gupta, M. Freitag, E. Schmidt, M. Colombet, B. von Laufenberg, G. Langrock, F. Funke, Progress in understanding fission product remobilization and hydrogen risk in water-cooled reactors: OECD/NEA THAI-3 project, Annals of Nuclear Energy, Volume 220, 2025, 111498, ISSN 0306-4549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2025.111498
[2] NEA (2023), OECD/NEA THAI-3 Project Final Report on Fission Product Behaviour, Hydrogen Mitigation, and Hydrogen Combustion in Water Cooled Reactors under Severe Accident Conditions, OECD Publishing, Paris
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologis GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Cylindrical vessel of 60 m3 volume. Facility Status: Active Test Identification: PAR-2 and PAR-4 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:PAR performance and its intereaction with surrounding containment atmosphere Measured Parameters: Pressure, gas temperature, wall temperature, local gas composition, velocity profile Modelling: PAR operation: Empirical correlation provided by PAR manufacturer. Simulation Code: FLUENT Experimental Research Program: National THAI-II project, EC/SARNET2 (Benchmark)
References: [1] D. C. Visser, G. Agostinelli, N. B. Siccama, & E. M. J. Komen. Hydrogen risk assessment – hydrogen distribution and mitigation. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-15), Pisa, Italy, 2013, pp. 12–17.
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: AW-2 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:FP depletion to surfaces under condensing conditions (non-soluble) Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Steam rate, Condensation mass flux, Aerosol concentration, Size distribution, FP sampling Modelling: Rock- and roll model, Condensation model Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS, ASTEC Experimental Research Program: THAI-IV Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-15
References: [1] Weber et al. IODINE AND SILVER WASH-DOWN MODELLING IN COCOSYS-AIM BY USE OF THAI RESULTS, Proceedings of the International OECD-NEA/NUGENIA-SARNET Workshop on theProgress in Iodine Behaviour for NPP Accident Analysis and ManagementMarch 30, April 1, 2015 - Marseille IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: AW-3 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:FP depletion to surfaces under condensing conditions (non-soluble) Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Steam rate, Condensation mass flux, Aerosol concentration, Size distribution, FP sampling Modelling: Rock- and roll model, Condensation model Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS, ASTEC Experimental Research Program: THAI V Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-15
References: [1] Fangnian Wang, Xu Cheng, Sanjeev Gupta, COCOSYS analysis on aerosol wash-down of THAI-AW3 experiment and generic containment, Annals of Nuclear Energy, Volume 153, 2021, 108076, ISSN 0306-4549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2020.108076. IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: AW-5 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:FP depletion to surfaces under condensing conditions (non-soluble) Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Steam rate, Condensation mass flux, Aerosol concentration, Size distribution, FP sampling Modelling: Condensation model, Thermophoresis, Aerosol depletion Simulation Code: - Experimental Research Program: THAI VIb Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-15
References: [1] Freitag, M., Gupta, S., Beck, S., & Sonnenkalb, M. (2018). Experimental and Analytical Investigations of Aerosol Processes—Wash-Out and Wash-Down. Nuclear Science and Engineering, 193(1–2), 198–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00295639.2018.1479091 IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-1 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Gaseous mass-transfer in liquid films (e.g. iodine, org-I) Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc., steam release, condensation, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination Modelling: I2 wash-down, I2 physisorption, chemisorption Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI I Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-43
References: [1] Gupta, S., et al. (2016). "THAI experimental programme for containment safety research." Nuclear Engineering and Design, 303, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.03.023 IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-15 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Iodine reactions with organics Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc, Steam injection, Condensation rate, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination Modelling: I2 Paint reaction,I2 physisorption, chemisorption Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI II Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-48
References: [1] Gupta, S., et al. (2016). "THAI experimental programme for containment safety research." Nuclear Engineering and Design, 303, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.03.023
IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-17 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Iodine reactions with organics Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc, Steam injection, Condensation rate, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination Modelling: I2 Paint reaction,I2 physisorption, chemisorption Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI IV Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-48
References: [1] G. Langrock, F. Funke, T. Kanzleiter, A. Kühnel, G. Weber.
Ergebnisse des THAI-Versuchs Iod-17 (Iod/Farbanstrich-Versuch, IP-1)
Technischer Fachbericht THAI-3-National-1, RS-Nr. 1501325, Juli 2008,
AREVA NP NTCR-G/2007/de/0388A IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-20 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Iodine reactions with organics Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc, Steam injection, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination Modelling: I2 Paint reaction,I2 physisorption, chemisorption, Use of radio-tracer I-123. Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI IV Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-48
References: [1] G. Langrock, F. Funke, T. Kanzleiter, A. Kühnel, G. Weber.
Ergebnisse des THAI-Versuchs Iod-20 (IP-2, 3. THAI-Iod-Farbversuch unter nicht-kondensierenden Bedingungen)
Technischer Fachbericht THAI-3-National-1, RS-Nr. 1501325, Februar 2009,
AREVA NP NTCR-G/2009/de/0051A IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-21 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Gaseous mass-transfer in liquid films (e.g. iodine, org-I) Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc., steam release, condensation, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination Modelling: I2 Paint reaction, I2 wash-down, I2 physisorption, chemisorption Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI III Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-43
References: [1] G. Langrock, F. Funke, T. Kanzleiter, A. Kühnel, G. Weber, Ergebnisse des THAI-Versuchs Iod-21 (Iod/Farbanstrich-Versuch in kondensierenden Bedin-gungen)
Technischer Fachbericht THAI-3-National-1, RS-Nr. 1501325, September 2008; AREVA NP NTCR-G/2009/de/A IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-21 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Iodine reactions with organics Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc., steam release, condensation, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination Modelling: I2 Paint reaction, I2 wash-down, I2 physisorption, chemisorption, Use of radio-tracer I-123. Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI IV
Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-48
References: [1] G. Langrock, F. Funke, T. Kanzleiter, A. Kühnel, G. Weber.
Ergebnisse des THAI-Versuchs Iod-21 (Iod/Farbanstrich-Versuch in kondensierenden Bedin-gungen)
Technischer Fachbericht THAI-3-National-1, RS-Nr. 1501325, September 2008;
AREVA NP NTCR-G/2009/de/A
IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-23 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Gaseous mass-transfer at gas/water surfaces (e.g. iodine, org-I) Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc, Gas injection, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination, Water circulation, Pump performance Modelling: I2 Mass transfer Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI IV Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-42
References: [1] Fischer, K., Weber, G., Funke, F., & Langrock, G. (2012). Experimental determination and analysis of iodine mass transfer coefficients from THAI test Iod-23. In Proceedings of the 5th European Review Meeting on Severe Accident Research (ERMSAR-2012), Cologne, Germany, March 21–23. IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-24 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Gaseous mass-transfer in liquid films (e.g. iodine, org-I) Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc, Steam injection, Condensation rate, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination Modelling: I2 Paint reaction,I2 physisorption, chemisorption, steam condensation Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI IV Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-43
References: [1] THAI EXPERIMENTS ON VOLATILITY, DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT BEHAVIOUR OF IODINE AND FISSION PRODUCTS IN THE CONTAINMENT, March 2015, Conference: Proceedings of the International OECD-NEA/NUGENIA-SARNET Workshop on the Progress in Iodine Behaviour for NPP Accident Analysis and ManagementAt: Marseille, France IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany
Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-24 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Iodine reactions with organics Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc, Steam injection, Condensation rate, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination Modelling: I2 Paint reaction,I2 physisorption, chemisorption, Use of radio-tracer I-123. Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI IV Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-48
References: [1] THAI EXPERIMENTS ON VOLATILITY, DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT BEHAVIOUR OF IODINE AND FISSION PRODUCTS IN THE CONTAINMENT, March 2015, Conference: Proceedings of the International OECD-NEA/NUGENIA-SARNET Workshop on the Progress in Iodine Behaviour for NPP Accident Analysis and ManagementAt: Marseille, France IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-34 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Iodine reactions with organics Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc. Spray flow, Aerosol concentration, Size distribution, PAR performance, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination, Deflagration, Gas concentrations Modelling: I2 Paint reaction,I2 physisorption, chemisorption, I2 spray, I2 resuspension by h2 deflagration, Use of radio-tracer I-123. Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: OECD THAI-3 Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-48
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: Iod-9 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Gaseous mass-transfer at gas/water surfaces (e.g. iodine, org-I) Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc, Steam injection, Condensation rate, I2 concentration, Iodine discrimination Modelling: Steam condensation, I2 distribution, I2 depletion, I2 steel reaction Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI II Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-42
References: [1] Weber, G., Bosland, L., Funke, F., Glowa, G., & Kanzleiter, T. (2010). ASTEC, COCOSYS, and LIRIC interpretation of the iodine behavior in the large-scale THAI test Iod-9. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 132(11), 112902. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4001295 IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Test Identification: THAI AER-2, AER-5 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:AER-2 and AER-5 experiments investigated the potential conversion rates of CsI to I2 that might oc cur under realistic PAR operating conditions and the influence of PARs on CsI aerosol parameters. Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Steam rate, Condensation mass flux, Aerosol concentration, Size distribution, FP sampling, PAR performance Modelling: AER-2 studied CsI--> I2 conversion in low steam conditions with airborne CsI concentration~1 g/m3 and H2 ~5.5 vol% in dry air and at temperatue of 400°C.
AER-5 investigated high PAR operating gas temperatures of ~800°C. H2 concentration to be 10.5 vol% and steam concentration up to 66 vol%.Framatome PAR FR90-150 Simulation Code: AC2, ASTEC Experimental Research Program: THAI-II Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-33, ST-34
References: [1] Kanzleiter T., Poss G., Funke F., Langrock G., Allelein H-J., Nowack H., Weber G., "Incfluence of passive autocatalytic recombiners on iodine volatility - THAI technical scale experiments, ICONE16-48692, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering ICONE 16, May 11-15, 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA. IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Test Identification: THAI Iod-11, Iod-12 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Adsorption/desorption behavior of gaseous iodine on steel surfaces.
Thermal-hydraulic-iodine chemistry coupling Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Steam rate, Condensation mass flux, Iodine concentration and discrimination Modelling: Iodine distribution in multicompartments with sump. presence of steam and condensation, I-123 labelled iodine gas was traced by gamma measurement and via sampling from gas and liquid. The sump was buffered to low pH (1-2) to prevent iodine hydrolysis. Simulation Code: ASTEC, AC2 Experimental Research Program: THAI-II Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-44, ST-45
References: [1] Weber, G. et al., "Thermal-hydraulic-iodine chemistry coupling: Insights gained from the SATRNET benchmark on the THAI experiments Iod-11 and Iod-12"., Nucl. Eng & Des. 265 (2013) 95-107. IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: AW4 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Aerosol depletion by spray Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Gas conc. Spray flow, Aerosol concentration, Size distribution Modelling: 1 l/s spray flow rate Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS
Experimental Research Program: THAI-V Link to PIRT: ST-54
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: TH-25 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Particulate FP retention by FCVS Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Steam injection, steam condesation, pool boiling, aerosol release, aerosol depletion, size distribution Modelling: 2,5 bar, pool temperature upto boiling; range of superficial velocities from 0.01 to 0.05 m/s. Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS Experimental Research Program: THAI V Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-55
References: [1] Schmidt, E. W., Gupta, S., Freitag, M., Poss, G., & Laufenberg, B. von . (2015). Wet resuspension of insoluble material from a boiling sump at 23. international conference on nuclear engineering (ICONE-23), Chiba (Japan), 17-21 May 2015 IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3) Facility Status: operating Test Identification: TH15-TH17 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Particulate FP retention by FCVS Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Steam injection, steam condesation, pool boiling, aerosol release, aerosol depletion, size distribution Modelling: 2,5 bar, pool temperature upto boiling; range of superficial velocities from 0.01 to 0.05 m/s. Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS
Experimental Research Program: THAI II Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-55
References: [1] Gupta, S., et al. (2016). "THAI experimental programme for containment safety research." Nuclear Engineering and Design, 303, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.03.023 IP/Copyright Situation: upon request
Organization / Localization: Becker Technologies GmbH Country: Germany Facility Description: Technical scale containment test facility (thermohydraulic, hydrogen, aerosol, iodine, 2 vessels 80m3)
Facility Status: operating Test Identification: WH-24 SA-Related Topics / Phenomena:Particulate FP retention by FCVS Measured Parameters: T, p, r.H., Steam injection, steam condesation, pool boiling, aerosol release, aerosol size disitribution and aerosol depletion, gas bubbles, hydrodynamic Modelling: 2,5 bar, pool temperature upto boiling; range of superficial velocities from 0.01 to 0.12 m/s. Simulation Code: AC2, COCOSYS, ASTEC Experimental Research Program: OECD THAI-3 Link to PIRT: WP-1.5 ST-55
